Sunday, April 21, 2024

Passover 5784: A sandwich of hope

The need to observe Passover in the shadow of the attacks on October 7th, and everything that has come after, has generated a wealth of literature processing the events and proposing ways include them in the Passover Seder, both acknowledging the loss and pain, and attempting to hold hope for the future.

Nothing I read felt exactly right to me. Declaring hope without marking a pathway seemed empty, but I couldn’t figure out what I did want to say. Then the juxtaposition of preparing a class on Parashat Tazria (Leviticus 12 and 13; source sheet here) and reading the chapter “Love in the Ruins: Responding to Devastation” in my teacher Rabbi Shai Held’s new book Judaism is About Love (A selection from the chapter may be read here) brought some pieces together. It took another week, but I finally found my voice.

The final product takes the more unusual form of text study followed by an intention for Korech (a/k/a the Hillel sandwich). For our Seder, I’m planning to study a larger selection from the midrash that also supports the quotation of verses from Ezekiel in the Maggid section of the Haggadah, but we're having a small Seder with only adults. This is intended to be a more user friendly version. I hope you find it useful, inspiring or at least a little interesting.

Folder of printable pdf files, with and without translation, in regular fonts and large-sized.

Study and intention for Korech 2024

 

חרוסת זו שאנו אוכלים על שום מה?

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין חֲרוֹסֶת מִצְוָה, וְאִי לָא מִצְוָה, מִשּׁוּם מַאי מַיְיתֵי לַהּ? אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: מִשּׁוּם קָפָא1...

רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר מִצְוָה וְכוּ׳. מַאי מִצְוָה? רַבִּי לֵוִי אוֹמֵר: זֵכֶר לַתַּפּוּחַ.
וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אוֹמֵר: זֵכֶר לַטִּיט.

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לכן לעשותהּ חמוצה וצריך לעשותהּ סמיכה.

לעשותהּ חמוצה  – זֵכֶר לַתַּפּוּחַ, וצריך לעשותהּ סמיכה – זֵכֶר לַטִּיט.

                                                           (בבלי פסחים קטז:ב; החלק הלא מנוקד לפי תרגום שטיינזלץ)

What does charoset represent?

[The Mishna teaches] Although eating charoset is not a mitzva: If it is not a mitzva, why does one bring it? Rabbi Ami said: It is brought due to the “kappa”[1]… Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Tzadok, says it is a mitzva. What this mitzva? Rabbi Levi says: in remembrance of the apple and Rabbi Yoḥanan says: in remembrance of the mortar.
Abaye said: Therefore, it must be tart and thick; tart in remembrance of the apple, and thick in remembrance of the mortar (Babylonian Talmud, Pesaḥim 116a).

טיט אנחנו מבינים אבל באיזה תפוח מדובר?

דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: בִּשְׂכַר נָשִׁים צִדְקָנִיּוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר נִגְאֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם. וּמֶה עָשׂוּ? בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיוּ הוֹלְכוֹת לִשְׁאֹב מַיִם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְזַמֵּן לָהֶם דָּגִים קְטַנִּים בְּכַדֵּיהֶן, וְשׁוֹאֲבִין מֶחֱצָה מַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה דָּגִים, וּמוֹלִיכוֹת אֵצֶל בַּעֲלֵיהֶן וְשׁוֹפְתוֹת לָהֶם שְׁתֵּי קְדֵרוֹת, אַחַת שֶׁל חַמִּין וְאַחַת שֶׁל דָּגִים, וּמַאֲכִילוֹת אוֹתָן וּמַרְחִיצוֹת אוֹתָן וְסָכוֹת אוֹתָן וּמַשְׁקוֹת אוֹתָן, וְנִזְקָקוֹת לָהֶם.

וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמִּתְעַבְּרוֹת בָּאוֹת לְבָתֵּיהֶן, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן מוֹלִידֵיהֶם, הוֹלְכוֹת וְיוֹלְדוֹת בַּשָֹּׂדֶה תַּחַת הַתַּפּוּחַ

וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יוֹרֶד מִשְׁמֵי מָרוֹם, וּמְנַקֶּה אוֹתָם וּמְשַׁפֵּר אוֹתָם, כְּחַיָּה זוֹ שֶׁמְשַׁפֶּרֶת אֶת הַוָּלָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל טז:ד): וּמוֹלְדוֹתַיִךְ בְּיוֹם הוּלֶּדֶת אוֹתָךְ וגו'. ושׁוֹלֵחַ מַלְאָךְ אֲשֶׁר מְנַקֵט לָהֶם שְׁנֵי עִגּוּלִין, אֶחָד שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן וְאֶחָד שֶׁל דְּבַשׁ. )שמות רבה א:ה, בבלי סוטה יא:ב(

I know what mortar is, but does the apple refer to?

Rabbi Akiva taught: Israel was redeemed from Egypt through the merit of the righteous women of that generation.

What did they do? When they went to draw water The Holy Blessed One prepared for them small fish in their pitchers. They would draw out half water and half fish, and set two pots on the fire, one of hot water and one of fish, and take them out to their husbands in the fields, and wash and anoint them, give them to eat and drink, and have relations with them….

When the women became pregnant, they returned to their homes. When it was time for them to give birth, they would go give birth in the field under the apple tree, as it is stated: “Under the apple tree I awakened you, there your mother conceived you. There she bore you.” (Song of Songs 8:5).

And the Holy Blessed One would from the heavens above to clean and prepare the newborns, just as a midwife prepares the newborn, as it is stated: “And as for your birth, on the day you were born, your navel was not cut nor were you washed with water for cleansing; you were not salted at all, nor swaddled at all” (Ezekiel 16:4). Then, God would send an angel[2] sent to gather for them two round stones, one of oil and one of honey, as it is stated: “And God would suckle them with honey from a crag and oil from a flinty rock” (Dt. 32:13) (Exodus Rabbah 1:5; Babylonian Talmud Sotah 11b)

כורך

"כֵּן עָשָׂה הִלֵּל בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה קַיָּם: הָיָה כּוֹרֵךְ מַצָּה וּמָרוֹר וְאוֹכֵל בְּיַחַד, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר: עַל מַצּוֹת וּמְרוֹרִים יֹאכְלֻהוּ" (שמות יב:ח) ) (הגדה נוסח אשכנז). 

The Hillel Sandwich  

"In memory of the Temple, in the tradition of Hillel. This is what Hillel would do when the Temple still stood: “He would wrap [the Pesaḥ offering] up with matza and bitter herbs (maror) and eat them together, to fulfill what is said: “You shall eat it with matza and maror” (Exodus 12:8) (Ashkenazi Haggadah).

בפסח מצרים ובזמן הבית לא מצה ומרור היו העיקר אלא קרבן הפסח. לאחר החורבן הונהג כורך "זכר להלל". לפי פשוטו, יש לטבול את המרור בחרוסת ("משום קפא") אבל לא לכלול חרוסת בכריך עצמו, כי החרוסת לא מוזכרת בפסוק וכדי לא למתן את מרירות המרור. ההוראות ברוב ההגדות כתובות בהתאם.

On the first Passover in Egypt and as long as the Temple stood, the matza and bitter herbs were secondary to the meat Passover sacrifice. After the destruction, Hillel’s sandwich became a vehicle of memory. According to the most direct reading of the Mishna, it is necessary simply to dip the bitter herb in charoset, without including charoset in the sandwich, both because charoset is not mentioned in the verse and in order not to diminish the bitterness of the maror. The instructions in many Haggadot continue to reflect this practice.

בכל זאת התפשט מנהג לכרוך גם חרוסת ביחד עם המצה והמרור. השנה ברור לי כי אנו זקוקים לתפוחים, המסמלים גם את נחישותן של בנות ישראל להמשיך את החיים ואפילו להביא ילדים על אף הסבל והגזרה ואת הטיפול והדאגה של הקב"ה ליולדות ולתינוקות חסרי הישע.

Despite this, the custom of including charoset in the sandwich together with the matza and maror spread. This year it is clear to me that we need the apples that symbolize the determination the Israelite women to continue life and even raise children despite the suffering and decrees, as well as Divine care and concern for the women in labour and the helpless infants.

גם ה-"שפתי כהן" מלמד כי תהליך הגאולה התחיל רק כאשר הקב"ה ראה כי ישראל ריחמו זה על זה.

כסמל לחסד החרוסת ראוי בעיני למלא את מקומו של קרבן הפסח "כי חסד חפצי ולא זבח".

לשכך את הכאב, לשקם את ההריסות, לבנות ולהיבנות, נדרשות נחישות ונתינה. קיומנו על אף המרור זקוק לתפוחים של חסד. אם לא עכשיו, אימתי?

The Siftei Cohen also teaches the process of redemption began only once God saw that the people of Israel had mercy on each other.

As a symbol of ḥesed (loving kindness), charoset seems an appropriate replacement for the Passover sacrifice, in the spirit of because I desire loving kindness, not sacrifices” (Hosea 6:6).

In order to relieve our pain, to renovate the ruins, build and be built, we need determination and generosity. Our existence despite the bitterness requires the apples of loving kindness.

If not now, when?


[1]  We don’t know what is meant by “kappa.” 

[2] Combining the text found in manuscripts “descended” and the version in the common print editions “sent,” so that God demonstrates both “caring for” and “caring about” to use the language of care ethics as formulated by Nel Noddings. I am grateful to Dr. Gila Vachman with whom I learned this midrash, and especially for the reference to the manuscript version. 

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